罗祾,陈甜甜,华珉,王雨晨,钟华平,税纪钧,彭道刚
LUO Ling,CHEN Tiantian,HUA Min,WANG Yuchen,ZHONG Huaping,SHUI Jijun,PENG Daogang

• 1:国网上海市电力公司电力科学研究院
• 2:上海电力大学自动化工程学院

摘要(Abstract)：

为了更有效地利用多元源荷资源的互补性，解决能源利用效率不高的问题，同时使得VPP（虚拟电厂）联盟中的效益分配更加灵活，提出了一种考虑点对点交易的VPP联盟协同优化策略。建立了VPP内部风、光、电储能以及电动汽车等分布式资源的数学模型，然后构建了一个集中-分布式双层优化模型，上层为运营商，下层为5个VPP所构成的联盟。在下层联盟模型中考虑P2P（点对点）交易的合作博弈模式，在确保VPP之间交易灵活性的同时优化主体内部能效。在需求侧引入用户满意度因子，对联盟效益和实体利益分别进行了分析，最终构建一种基于P2P交易的联盟协同优化模型。算例分析表明，相较于传统方法，所提策略能够优化主体内部能效并降低联盟整体碳排放，引入P2P交易优化了利益分配，提升了系统整体效率和稳定性。
To enhance the complementary utilization of diversified generation-load resources and address low energy utilization efficiency while enabling more flexible benefit allocation in virtual power plant(VPP) alliance, a collaborative optimization strategy incorporating peer-to-peer(P2P) trading is proposed. Mathematical models are first established for distributed energy resources(DERs) within VPPs, including wind power, photovoltaic(PV) systems, energy storage systems(ESS), and electric vehicles(EVs). A centralized-distributed bi-level optimization framework is then developed, with a system operator at the upper level and a five-VPP alliance at the lower level. In the lower-level alliance model, a cooperative game-theoretic approach is employed for P2P energy trading to maintain trading flexibility across VPPs while optimizing their internal energy efficiency. A customer satisfaction index is introduced on the demand side to evaluate both alliance-wide benefits and individual entity profits. Ultimately, a P2 Pbased collaborative optimization model is constructed for the VPP alliance. Case studies demonstrate that compared to conventional methods, the proposed strategy improves participants' energy efficiency while reducing overall carbon emissions. Through the implementation of P2P trading, benefit allocation is optimized, resulting in enhanced system-wide operational efficiency and stability.

关键词(KeyWords)： 虚拟电厂;源荷协同;合作博弈;点对点交易;效益分配
VPP;source-load synergies;cooperative game theory;P2P trading;benefit allocation

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国网上海市电力公司科技项目（52094024001A）

作者(Author): 罗祾,陈甜甜,华珉,王雨晨,钟华平,税纪钧,彭道刚
LUO Ling,CHEN Tiantian,HUA Min,WANG Yuchen,ZHONG Huaping,SHUI Jijun,PENG Daogang

DOI: 10.19585/j.zjdl.202512006

参考文献(References)：

• [1]刘瀚琛，王冲，鞠平.双碳背景下综合能源电力系统弹性分析与提升研究综述[J].电气工程学报，2023,18(2):108-124.LIU Hanchen,WANG Chong,JU Ping.Review on resilience analysis and enhancement of integrated energy power systems considering dual carbon goal[J].Journal of Electrical Engineering,2023,18(2):108-124.
• [2]韩宗良.新型电力系统的新路径研究[J].自动化应用，2023(9):81-83.HAN Zongliang.Research on the new path of the new electric power system[J].Automation Application,2023(9):81-83.
• [3]尹昌洁，权楠，苏凯，等.我国分布式能源发展现状及展望[J].分布式能源，2022,7(2):1-7.YIN Changjie,QUAN Nan,SU Kai,et al.Status and outlook of distributed energy development in China[J].Distributed Energy,2022,7(2):1-7.
• [4]王宏，宋禹飞，刘润鹏，等.虚拟电厂标准化现状与需求分析[J].浙江电力，2024,43(5):1-9.WANG Hong,SONG Yufei,LIU Runpeng,et al.Current status and demand analysis of virtual power plant standardization[J].Zhejiang Electric Power,2024,43(5):1-9.
• [5]仪忠凯，侯朗博，徐英，等.市场环境下灵活性资源虚拟电厂聚合调控关键技术综述[J].中国电力，2024,57(12):82-96.YI Zhongkai,HOU Langbo,XU Ying,et al.Aggregation and operation key technology of virtual power plant with flexible resources in electricity market environment:review[J].Electric Power,2024,57(12):82-96.
• [6]彭道刚，税纪钧，王丹豪，等.“双碳”背景下虚拟电厂研究综述[J].发电技术，2023,44(5):602-615.PENG Daogang,SHUI Jijun,WANG Danhao,et al.Review of virtual power plant under the background of“dual carbon”[J].Power Generation Technology,2023,44(5):602-615.
• [7]王浩丞，高红均，王仁浚.计及需求响应的虚拟电厂日前市场交易策略研究[J].智慧电力，2024,52(7):64-71.WANG Haocheng,GAO Hongjun,WANG Renjun.Dayahead market trading strategy of virtual power plant considering demand response[J].Smart Power,2024,52(7):64-71.
• [8]何斯强，张俊岭，顾宗奇，等.面向分布式资源聚合管控的虚拟电厂建模与优化控制综述[J].山东电力技术，2024,51(2):11-24.HE Siqiang,ZHANG Junling,GU Zongqi,et al.Overview of virtual power plant modeling and optimization control for distributed resource aggregation and control[J].Shandong Electric Power,2024,51(2):11-24.
• [9]陈志永，胡平，别朝红，等.基于合作博弈的虚拟电厂联盟策略与收益分配机制研究[J].智慧电力，2024,52(1):39-46.CHEN Zhiyong,HU Ping,BIE Zhaohong,et al.Alliance strategy and revenue allocation mechanism for clustered virtual power plants based on cooperative game[J].Smart Power,2024,52(1):39-46.
• [10]GUO W S,LIU P K,SHU X L.Optimal dispatching of electric-thermal interconnected virtual power plant considering market trading mechanism[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2021,279:123446.
• [11]罗其华，李平，张少迪.考虑需求响应和阶梯碳交易的虚拟电厂低碳经济调度[J].浙江电力，2023,42(6):51-59.LUO Qihua,LI Ping,ZHANG Shaodi. Low-carbon and economic scheduling of virtual power plant considering demand response and stepwise carbon trading[J]. Zhejiang Electric Power,2023,42(6):51-59.
• [12]李逸超，胥栋，徐刚，等.计及碳捕集和多能流的虚拟电厂多目标优化调度[J].浙江电力，2023,42(10):34-44.LI Yichao,XU Dong,XU Gang,et al.Multi-objective optimal scheduling of virtual power plant considering carbon capture and multi-energy flow[J].Zhejiang Electric Power,2023,42(10):34-44.
• [13]陈文颖，郑修诺，闫倩文，等.绿证-碳交易交互机制下的虚拟电厂优化调度[J/OL].南方电网技术，2025:1-12.(2025-03-25). https：//kns. cnki. net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=NFDW20250324001&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ.CHEN Wenying,ZHENG Xiunuo,YAN Qianwen,et al.Optimal scheduling of virtual power plants under the interaction mechanism of green card-carbon trading[J/OL].China Industrial Economics,2025:1-12.(2025-03-25).https：//kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=NFDW20250324001&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ.
• [14]胡安妮，张天策，李庚银，等.考虑电动汽车参数一致性的虚拟电厂云边协同调度方法[J/OL].电力系统自动化，2025:1-13.(2025-03-13). https：//kns. cnki. net/KCMS/detail/detail. aspx? filename=DLXT20250313001&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ.HU Anni,ZHANG Tiance,LI Gengyin,et al.Cloud-edge collaborative scheduling method for virtual power plants considering parameter consistency of electric vehicles[J/OL]. China Industrial Economics,2025:1-13.(2025-03-13).https：//kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=DLXT20250313001&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ.
• [15]税纪钧，彭道刚，宋炎侃，等.计及风光不确定性含碳排放和碳惩罚的虚拟电厂优化调度策略[J].系统仿真学报，2024,36(2):305-319.SHUI Jijun,PENG Daogang,SONG Yankan,et al.Optimal scheduling strategy of virtual power plant with carbon emission and carbon penalty considering uncertainty of wind power and photovoltaic power[J].Journal of System Simulation,2024,36(2):305-319.
• [16]WANG X J,LI B K,WANG Y W,et al. A bargaining game-based profit allocation method for the windhydrogen-storage combined system[J]. Applied Energy,2022,310:118472.
• [17]ZHANG W S,HE C,WANG H C,et al.Optimal operation of virtual power plants based on Stackelberg game theory[J].Energies,2024,17(15):3612.
• [18]SHUI J J,PENG D G,ZENG H,et al.Optimal scheduling of multiple entities in virtual power plant based on the master-slave game[J].Applied Energy,2024,376:124286.
• [19]周建国，吴昭波.双碳目标下基于Stackelberg和合作博弈的虚拟电厂双层优化调度[J].动力工程学报，2024,44(10):1611-1619.ZHOU Jianguo,WU Zhaobo. A two-level optimization scheduling of a virtual power plant based on Stackelberg and cooperative game theory under the dual carbon goals[J]. Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering,2024,44(10):1611-1619.
• [20]单俊嘉，胡俊杰，吴界辰.面向虚拟电厂能量管理的点对点市场交易机制与模型[J].电网技术，2020,44(9):3401-3408.SHAN Junjia,HU Junjie,WU Jiechen.Peer-to-peer market trading mechanism and model for virtual power plant energy management[J].Power System Technology,2020,44(9):3401-3408.
• [21]孟琰，肖居承，洪居华，等.计及需求响应不确定性的节点负荷准线：概念与模型[J].电力系统自动化，2023,47(13):28-39.MENG Yan,XIAO Jucheng,HONG Juhua,et al. Nodal customer directrix load considering demand response uncertainty:concept and model[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2023,47(13):28-39.
• [22]吴治国，刘继春，张帅，等.多售电主体点对点交易模式及其动态过网费机制[J].电力系统自动化，2021,45(19):100-108.WU Zhiguo,LIU Jichun,ZHANG Shuai,et al. Peer-topeer transaction model of multiple power sellers and its dynamic network fee mechanism[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2021,45(19):100-108.
• [23]朱瑛，郭健伟，周亦洲，等.考虑碳-绿证市场耦合的多虚拟电厂电-碳P2P交易模型[J].电力自动化设备，2025,45(1):51-58.ZHU Ying,GUO Jianwei,ZHOU Yizhou,et al.Electricitycarbon P2P trading model for multiple virtual power plants considering carbon-green certificate market coupling[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2025,45(1):51-58.
• [24]李晓蕾，刘军会，张艺涵，等.基于混合博弈的虚拟电厂优化运行与P2P交易机制[J].供用电，2024,41(12):13-22.LI Xiaolei,LIU Junhui,ZHANG Yihan,et al. Optimization operation and P2P trading mechanism of virtual power plants based on mixed game[J].Distribution&Utilization,2024,41(12):13-22.
• [25]王浩林，张勇军，毛海鹏.基于时刻充电概率的电动汽车充电负荷预测方法[J].电力自动化设备，2019,39(3):207-213.WANG Haolin,ZHANG Yongjun,MAO Haipeng.Charging load forecasting method based on instantaneous charging probability for electric vehicles[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2019,39(3):207-213.