林达,陈哲,李志浩,汪湘晋,唐雅洁,秦嘉凯
LIN Da,CHEN Zhe,LI Zhihao,WANG Xiangjin,TANG Yajie,QIN Jiakai

• 1:国网浙江省电力有限公司电力科学研究院
• 2:北京四方继保工程技术有限公司

摘要(Abstract)：

为提升配电网与微电网运行收益，降低微电网用能成本，提出基于主从博弈的微电网分布式交易策略。首先基于主从博弈建立配电网-微电网多目标双层优化交易模型，其中上层以代理商利润最大为目标建立配电网交易模型，下层以运营商运行成本最低为目标建立微电网用能优化模型；然后引入KKT(Karush-Kuhn-Tucker)条件将所建双层模型单层化，并基于线性变换将模型进一步转换为混合整数线性规划模型，以解决上下层交易模型间的嵌套求解难题。仿真结果表明，所提交易策略能有效提升配电网代理商收益，同时降低微电网的运行成本，可为含微电网参与的电力市场决策提供参考。
To enhance the operating revenue of distribution networks and microgrids while reducing microgrid energy usage costs, this paper proposes a distributed trading strategy for microgrids based on Stackelberg game theory.First, a multi-objective bilevel optimization trading model for distribution networks and microgrids is established based on Stackelberg game theory. In this framework, the upper level models the distribution network trading scheme, with the objective of maximizing the agent's profit; the lower level formulates the microgrid energy usage optimization model, aiming to minimize the operator's operational costs. Subsequently, the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT) conditions are introduced to convert the bilevel model into a single-level formulation. Through linearization techniques, the reformulated model is further transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP) model, thereby resolving the nested solving challenges inherent in hierarchical transaction models. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly increases the distribution network agent's revenue and reduces microgrid operational costs. This work provides a reference for decision-making in electricity markets incorporating microgrids.

关键词(KeyWords)： 微电网;配电网;互动式交易;主从博弈
microgrid;distribution network;interactive trading;Stackelberg game

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家电网有限公司科技项目（5400-202319829A-4-1-KJ）

作者(Author): 林达,陈哲,李志浩,汪湘晋,唐雅洁,秦嘉凯
LIN Da,CHEN Zhe,LI Zhihao,WANG Xiangjin,TANG Yajie,QIN Jiakai

DOI: 10.19585/j.zjdl.202506002

参考文献(References)：

• [1]陈沧海，陈辉，郑超，等.基于小微企业需求响应的园区能量优化管理方法[J].浙江电力，2020,39(8):61-68.CHEN Canghai,CHEN Hui,ZHENG Chao,et al.An energy optimization management method of industrial parks based on demand response of small and micro enterprises[J].Zhejiang Electric Power,2020,39(8):61-68.
• [2]赵晓晔，龚文军，张怡，等.基于区块链的电力市场交易结算智能合约分析[J].电工技术，2023(14):206-209.ZHAO Xiaoye,GONG Wenjun,ZHANG Yi,et al.Smart contract analysis of electricity market transaction settlement based on blockchain[J]. Electric Engineering,2023(14):206-209.
• [3]陈倩，王维庆，王海云.积极需求响应和混合博弈喊多微网制动配电网协调优化[J].电力系统自动化，2023,47(9):99-109.CHEN Qian,WANG Weiqing,WANG Haiyun. Coordinated optimization of active distribution network with multiple microgrids considering demand response and mixed game[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2023,47(9):99-109.
• [4]肖谦，陈政，朱宗耀，等.适应分布式发电交易的分散式电力市场探讨[J].电力系统自动化，2020,44(1):208-218.XIAO Qian,CHEN Zheng,ZHU Zongyao,et al.Discussion on decentralized electricity market for distributed generation transactions[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2020,44(1):208-218.
• [5]吴毓峰，杨胜春，潘振宁，等.无协调主体的多产消者完全端到端交易机制[J].电力系统自动化，2023,47(3):96-103.WU Yufeng,YANG Shengchun,PAN Zhenning,et al.Complete peer-to-peer transaction mechanism for multiple prosumers without coordination entity[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2023,47(3):96-103.
• [6]尹逊虎，丁一，惠红勋，等.初期现货市场下考虑用户响应行为的需求响应机制设计[J].电力系统自动化，2021,45(23):94-103.YIN Xunhu,DING Yi,HUI Hongxun,et al.Design of demand response mechanism considering response behaviors of customers in initial electricity spot market[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2021,45(23):94-103.
• [7]张晓萱，薛松，杨素，等.售电侧市场放开国际经验及其启示[J].电力系统自动化，2016,40(9):1-8.ZHANG Xiaoxuan,XUE Song,YANG Su,et al.International experience and lessons in power sales side market liberalization[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(9):1-8.
• [8]张馨瑜，陈启鑫，葛睿，等.考虑灵活块交易的电力现货市场出清模型[J].电力系统自动化，2017,41(24):35-41.ZHANG Xinyu,CHEN Qixin,GE Rui,et al. Clearing model of electricity spot market considering flexible block orders[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(24):35-41.
• [9]陈启鑫，房曦晨，郭鸿业，等.储能参与电力市场机制：现状与展望[J].电力系统自动化，2021,45(16):14-28.CHEN Qixin,FANG Xichen,GUO Hongye,et al.Participation mechanism of energy storage in electricity market:status quo and prospect[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2021,45(16):14-28.
• [10]刘永辉，张显，谢开，等.能源互联网背景下的新一代电力交易平台设计探讨[J].电力系统自动化，2021,45(7):104-115.LIU Yonghui,ZHANG Xian,XIE Kai,et al. Discussion on design of new-generation electricity trading platform in background of energy Internet[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2021,45(7):104-115.
• [11]贺元康，丁涛，刘瑞丰，等.新能源消纳电量库交易机制的实践与经验[J].电力系统自动化，2021,45(7):163-169.HE Yuankang,DING Tao,LIU Ruifeng,et al. Practice and experience of trading mechanism for energy pool of renewable energy accommodation[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2021,45(7):163-169.
• [12]唐巍，张志刚，张璐，等.考虑微能网聚合整形和资产利用率提升的配电网规划[J].电力系统自动化，2023,47(8):89-98.TANG Wei,ZHANG Zhigang,ZHANG Lu,et al.Distribution network planning considering aggregated shaping for micro-energy grids and improvement of asset utilization rate[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2023,47(8):89-98.
• [13] YU M M,HONG S H. Supply-demand balancing for power management in smart grid:a Stackelberg game approach[J].Applied Energy,2016,164:702-710.
• [14] MAHDAVI S,HEMMATI R,JIRDEHI M A.Two-level planning for coordination of energy storage systems and wind-solar-diesel units in active distribution networks[J].Energy,2018,151:954-965.
• [15]王珣，刘瑾，沈玮.基于区块链技术的非合作博弈共享储能交易模型[J].南京信息工程大学学报（自然科学版），2022,14(5):595-603.WANG Xun,LIU Jin,SHEN Wei.Non-cooperative game trading model for shared energy storage based on blockchain[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology(Natural Science Edition),2022,14(5):595-603.
• [16]马瑞真，张新燕，章攀钊，等.计及需求响应与主从博弈的微电网低碳优化调度[J].现代电子技术，2023,46(7):121-127.MA Ruizhen,ZHANG Xinyan,ZHANG Panzhao,et al.Low-carbon optimal dispatch of micro-grid considering demand response and Stackelberg game[J]. Modern Electronics Technique,2023,46(7):121-127.
• [17]封钰，俞永杰，史雪晨，等.多站融合模式下基于共享储能的多主体交易机制设计[J].电力需求侧管理，2023,25(4):21-27.FENG Yu,YU Yongjie,SHI Xuechen,et al. Multientities trading mechanism design based on shared energy storage in multi-station integration scenario[J].Power Demand Side Management,2023,25(4):21-27.
• [18]方燕琼，甘霖，艾芊，等.基于主从博弈的虚拟电厂双层竞标策略[J].电力系统自动化，2017,41(14):61-69.FANG Yanqiong,GAN Lin,AI Qian,et al. Stackelberg game based bi-level bidding strategy for virtual power plant[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(14):61-69.
• [19]杨丽君，李慧翔，吕雪姣，等.多电-热综合能源微网的热能分级分时利用市场交易策略[J].中国电机工程学报，2021,41(23):8046-8057.YANG Lijun,LI Huixiang,LYU Xuejiao,et al. Market trading strategy of thermal hierarchical time sharing utilization in multi electric-thermal integrated energy microgrid[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2021,41(23):8046-8057.
• [20]吴盛军，刘建坤，周前，等.考虑储能电站服务的冷热电多微网系统优化经济调度[J].电力系统自动化，2019,43(10):10-18.WU Shengjun,LIU Jiankun,ZHOU Qian,et al.Optimal economic scheduling for multi-microgrid system with combined cooling,heating and power considering service of energy storage station[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2019,43(10):10-18.
• [21]黄张浩，张亚超，郑峰，等.基于不同利益主体协调优化的主动配电网日前-实时能量管理方法[J].电网技术，2021,45(6):2299-2308.HUANG Zhanghao,ZHANG Yachao,ZHENG Feng,et al.Day-ahead and real-time energy management for active distribution network based on coordinated optimization of different stakeholders[J]. Power System Technology,2021,45(6):2299-2308.
• [22]谢敏，胡昕彤，刘明波.目标级联分析法在完全竞争发电市场迭代竞价机制中的应用[J].电力系统自动化，2020,44(6):106-112.XIE Min,HU Xintong,LIU Mingbo.Application of analytical target cascading in iterative bidding mechanism of complete competitive power generation market[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2020,44(6):106-112.
• [23]周承翰，贾宏杰，靳小龙，等.基于机会约束规划的智能楼宇与社区综合能源系统协调优化[J].电力系统自动化，2023,47(4):42-50.ZHOU Chenghan,JIA Hongjie,JIN Xiaolong,et al.Coordinated optimization for intelligent building and integrated community energy system based on chance-constrained programming[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2023,47(4):42-50.
• [24]李咸善，方子健，李飞，等.含多微电网租赁共享储能的配电网博弈优化调度[J].中国电机工程学报，2022,42(18):6611-6625.LI Xianshan,FANG Zijian,LI Fei,et al.Game-based optimal dispatching strategy for distribution network with multiple microgrids leasing shared energy storage[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2022,42(18):6611-6625.